|
Laskar Jihad (Indonesian: ''Warriors of Jihad'' 〔Greg Fealy (2004), ''Islamic Radicalism in Indonesia: The Faltering Revival?'', in: Daljit Singh/Chin Kin Wah (eds.), ''Southeast Asian Affairs 2004''. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, p. 106〕), was an Islamist 〔Robert W. Hefner (2007), ''The sword against the crescent: religion and violence in Muslim Southeast Asia'', in: Linell E. Cady/Sheldon W. Simon (eds.), ''Religion and conflict in South and Southeast Asia: Disrupting violence''. London: Routledge, p. 44〕 and anti-Christian 〔Florence Lamoureux (2003), ''Indonesia: A Global Studies Handbook''. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO, p. 73〕 Indonesian militia, which was founded and led by Jafar Umar Thalib.〔 At present, the militia is believed to have disbanded.〔 ==History== Laskar Jihad was founded in 2000 by Thalib, an Indonesian who had been trained in Pakistani madrasahs and who had fought together with the mujahadeen in Afghanistan.〔Dan G. Cox/John Falconer/Brian Stackhouse (2009), ''Terrorism, instability, and democracy in Asia and Africa''. Hanover, New Hampshire: University Press of New England, p. 94〕 The primary cause for the creation of Laskar Jihad was the outbreak of sectarian violence in the Indonesian provinces of Maluku and North Maluku where clashes between Muslims and Christians erupted in 1999.〔John T. Sidel (2008), ''The Manifold Meanings of Displacement: Explaining Inter-Religious Violence, 1999–2001'', in: Eva-Lotta E. Hedman (ed.), ''Conflict, Violence, and Displacement in Indonesia''. Ithaca, New York: Southeast Asia Program, Cornell University, pp. 51f.〕 Soon after its creation, Laskar Jihad opened recruitment centers in various parts of Indonesia.〔 Muslims joining the militia came from Java, Sumatra, South Sulawesi and Kalimantan.〔 Many of them were unemployed, while some were university students.〔Badrus Sholeh (2006), ''Jihad in Maluku'', in: Andrew T.H. Tan (ed.), ''A Handbook of Terrorism and Insurgency in Southeast Asia''. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, pp. 152–154〕 Laskar Jihad arrived in Ambon in May 2000 and then in other of the Maluku Islands (also known as the Moluccas) where the Islamist militia joined Maluku Muslims in the fighting with Christian groups, thereby exacerbating the ongoing violence.〔 The intervention of Laskar Jihad soon gave Muslims the upper hand in the conflict,〔USCIRF (2002), ''(Indonesia — International Religious Freedom Report )''〕 with the Islamists burning down churches and houses of the indigenous Melanesian communities in Ambon and other Moluccan islands. In the following two years, an estimated 9,000 people were killed〔Kirsten E. Schulze (2002), ''Laskar Jihad and the Conflict in Ambon'', in: Brown Journal of World Affairs, vol. 9, no. 1, p. 57〕 and hundreds of thousands had to flee their towns.〔 Forced conversions and forced circumcisions of Christians took place in Maluku,〔〔 while, according to witness accounts, present duty military and police personnel did not interfere.〔USCIRF (2001), ''(Indonesia — International Religious Freedom Report )''〕 A Laskar Jihad member later recalled being welcomed by Indonesian soldiers who supplied the Islamist militia with standard military equipment.〔Noorhaidi Hasan (2006), ''Laskar Jihad: Islam, Militancy and the Quest for Identity in Post-New Order Indonesia''. Ithaca, New York: Southeast Asia Program, Cornell University, p. 186〕 Additionally, attacks were launched against Christian communities in Sulawesi.〔Simon Elegant, ''(Indonesia's Dirty Little Holy War )'', in: Time, December 17, 2001〕 Laskar Jihad also sent militants to West Papua and Aceh, at opposite ends of the country.〔Hasan (2006), ''Laskar Jihad'', p. 18, 205〕 In February 2002, the Malino II Accord between Muslims and Christians was signed, which demanded among other things the withdrawal of Laskar Jihad from the Maluku Islands.〔 The militia, however, refused to oblige and continued activities in the region under the pretext of "humanitarian work".〔Robert Cribb (2003), ''Indonesia — History'', in: Eur (ed.), ''Far East and Australasia 2003'', 34th edition. Europa Publications Staff: Routledge, p. 531〕 Eventually, the peace agreement was followed by a decrease in violence in Maluku, though incidents continued through mid- and late 2002.〔 After the Bali bombings in October 2002, Laskar Jihad announced its alleged disbandment, but soon made a new appearance when it established an office in Sorong in the province of West Papua.〔Dennis C. Blair/David L. Phillips (2003), ''Indonesia Commission: Peace and Progress in Papua''. New York: Council on Foreign Relations, p. 110〕 Laskar Jihad has also been held responsible for attacks on Papuans. In May 2003, reports smuggled out of Papua claimed arson and machetes had been used to destroy ten townships, their food gardens and livestock, sending the surviving women and children into jungle hiding from their pursuers. Laskar Jihad's operations in Maluku and West Papua have been actively supported by parts of the Indonesian military.〔〔Damien Kingsbury, ''(After the Bali cocoon falls away )'', in: The Age, September 25, 2003〕 Much of the funding for the militia has come from within the military.〔〔Stephen E. Atkins (2004), ''Laskar Jihad (Militia of the Holy War) (Indonesia)'', in: ''Encyclopedia of Modern Worldwide Extremists and Extremist Groups''. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press, p. 174〕 Laskar Jihad fighters have been trained by the Indonesian military elite force Kopassus 〔Damien Kingsbury, ''(We must not get back in bed with Kopassus )'', in: The Age, August 14, 2003〕〔 in a training camp near Bogor in West Java.〔Damien Kingsbury/Clinton Fernandes (2008), ''Indonesia'', in: Clinton Fernandes (ed.), ''Hot spot: Asia and Oceania''. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press, p. 109〕 Laskar Jihad members even received military escorts while travelling from West Java to Surabaya.〔Carlyle A. Thayer (2008), ''Radical Islam and Political Terrorism in Southeast Asia'', in: Terence Chong (ed.), ''Globalization and Its Counter-Forces in Southeast Asia''. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, p. 264〕 The behaviour of the military in Maluku was similarly biased. Although at first a newly created military unit, the ''Joint Battalion'', took action against Laskar Jihad in Maluku, it was replaced in mid-2001 by Kopassus, which was more sympathetic towards the militia.〔Robert W. Hefner (2005), ''Muslim Democrats and Islamist Violence in Post-Soeharto Indonesia'', in: Robert W. Hefner (ed.), ''Remaking Muslim Politics: Pluralism, Contestation, Democratization''. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, p. 290〕 Like the extremist Islamic Defenders Front, Laskar Jihad has also carried out attacks on bars, brothels and discothèques,〔 which were perceived to be un-Islamic. At present, Laskar Jihad is believed to have disbanded, although several scholars warn that the threat of a resurrection of the militia "still bubbles just below the surface in Indonesia."〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Laskar Jihad」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|